étape 1 · résumé honnête
Les traditions convergent sur l'idée que les éléments fondamentaux constituant la vie — qu'ils soient conçus comme l'information quantique, le pneuma (souffle vital cosmique) ou l'énergie thermodynamique — sont indestructibles et persistent après la mort biologique. Cependant, elles divergent nettement sur la question de savoir si la structure organisée de l'identité individuelle (mémoire, ego et conscience cohérente) survit intacte à cette transition ou si elle est dissoute de façon permanente dans l'environnement plus large.
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étape 2
carte des traditions
Bouddhisme tibétain
religionLa mort est une transition profonde caractérisée par la dissolution des ancrages physiques, initiant un voyage de 49 jours à travers des états intermédiaires connus sous le nom de bardo (état de transition). La conscience rencontre la claire lumière fondamentale dans le Chikhai Bardo, et si elle est incapable d'atteindre le moksha (libération du cycle des existences), elle navigue à travers les projections karmiques du Chonyid Bardo avant que le vijnana (flux de conscience) ne soit attiré vers une renaissance dans le Sidpa Bardo. La qualité de cette transition dépend entièrement de la capacité du défunt à maintenir une conscience stable.
figures: Padmasambhava, Walter Y. Evans-Wentz
sources: Bardo Thodol
Thermodynamique et physique classique
scienceLa mort biologique marque une augmentation irréversible de l'entropie, brouillant définitivement la structure macroscopique de la vie humaine dans l'environnement. Alors que le premier principe de la thermodynamique dicte que l'énergie métabolique se disperse sous forme de chaleur, et que l'unitarité quantique suggère que l'information fondamentale est gravée dans l'espace-temps, l'architecture structurée de la conscience individuelle est définitivement perdue par dégradation thermodynamique. Les données fondamentales restent indestructibles, mais l'ordre subjectif est complètement effacé.
figures: Leonard Susskind
sources: Théorème de non-suppression, Premier principe de la thermodynamique, Deuxième principe de la thermodynamique
Soufisme
mysticalLe voyage de l'âme culmine non pas dans un vide biologique ou spirituel, mais dans le Fana (annihilation du moi), l'extinction complète du moi inférieur (nafs) et de l'ego mondain. Cette extinction est le seuil nécessaire pour entrer dans le Baqa bi-llah (subsistance éternelle en Dieu), un état où l'âme est entièrement animée par la volonté divine et reflète parfaitement les attributs de Dieu. En mourant avant de mourir, le chercheur progresse de la descente dans la création vers l'unité ultime avec le Créateur.
figures: Jalaluddin Rumi, Al-Hallaj, Al-Hujwiri, Hazrat Inayat Khan
sources: Poésie et cosmologie soufies
Réduction objective orchestrée (Orch-OR)
scienceL'expérience subjective est une propriété fondamentale de l'univers orchestrée par des calculs quantiques au sein des microtubules cellulaires. Lors de la mort biologique, la cohérence quantique localisée au sein de ces structures s'effondre, mais l'évolution continue se termine selon le schéma de Diósi-Penrose sans nécessairement détruire l'information quantique sous-jacente. Cela permet au cadre quantique de la conscience de se dissiper potentiellement de manière non locale dans l'univers plus large plutôt que de faire face à une annihilation pure et simple.
figures: Sir Roger Penrose, Dr Stuart Hameroff
sources: Les Ombres de l'esprit
Stoïcisme
philosophyL'âme individuelle est une entité matérielle composée de pneuma (souffle vital de feu et d'air) dont la tension physique (tonos) anime le corps biologique. La mort est simplement le relâchement de cette tension et la séparation de l'âme de la chair, menant à sa diffusion naturelle et à sa réabsorption paisible dans le Pneuma cosmique et la Raison divine (Logos). La perte de l'identité individuelle n'est pas à craindre, car elle représente un retour nécessaire et harmonieux au principe créateur de l'univers.
figures: Cléanthe, Chrysippe, Marc Aurèle
sources: Pensées pour moi-même
Kabbale
mysticalLa mort déclenche le Gilgul Neshamot (transmigration cyclique des âmes), un processus de l'âme (Neshamah) mû par la compassion divine plutôt que par une mesure punitive. Le cycle offre à l'âme des occasions répétées de réaliser sa rectification spirituelle (Tikkun), d'accomplir les mitzvot (commandements divins) et de contribuer à la réparation globale du monde (Tikkun Olam). Selon la nature précise de la réparation requise, les âmes peuvent subir des incarnations infinies, des subdivisions complexes ou des unions temporaires connues sous le nom d'Ibbur (imprégnation d'une âme).
figures: Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai, Rabbi Isaac Luria, Rabbi Chaim Vital
sources: Zohar, Sha'ar Ha'Gilgulim
Science de la réanimation
scienceLa mort clinique n'est pas une cessation instantanée de la conscience mais un processus continu caractérisé par une désinhibition cérébrale paradoxale alors que les systèmes de freinage du corps défaillent. Pendant cette période péri-arrêt, les patients présentent fréquemment une lucidité accrue et des bouffées de rayons gamma mesurables, produisant des Expériences de Mort Remémorées (RED, Recalled Experiences of Death) qui vérifient que l'activité cognitive persiste même après que le cœur et le cerveau semblent s'être arrêtés. Ces signaux mesurables suggèrent que la conscience émerge de manière unique au seuil absolu de la mort physiologique.
figures: Dr Sam Parnia, Bruce Greyson, Pim van Lommel
sources: Étude AWARE, Étude AWARE II
Fonctionnalisme computationnel
philosophyLa conscience se définit par une invariance organisationnelle, dictant qu'elle découle strictement de modèles fonctionnels de traitement de l'information plutôt que de son substrat biologique sous-jacent. En s'appuyant sur la doctrine de l'indépendance du substrat, la mort biologique est vue simplement comme la destruction d'un support matériel spécifique. Par conséquent, la topologie causale et le modèle d'information cohérent qui constituent l'identité pourraient théoriquement persister continuellement, être mis en pause ou être parfaitement transférés vers un support non biologique.
figures: David Chalmers, Nick Bostrom
sources: L'argument de la simulation
Théorie de l'information intégrée (IIT)
scienceLa conscience est fondamentalement ancrée dans le pouvoir de cause à effet intrinsèque d'un système physique spécifique sur lui-même, quantifié mathématiquement par Phi. Rejetant le fonctionnalisme purement algorithmique, ce cadre soutient que l'expérience subjective ne peut exister simplement comme un modèle logiciel s'exécutant sur n'importe quel matériel. Par conséquent, la mort biologique détruit la dynamique structurelle spécifique nécessaire pour générer un Phi élevé, ce qui signifie que toute réplication numérique de l'information cérébrale ne créerait qu'un zombie philosophique dépourvu de véritable conscience.
figures: Giulio Tononi
sources: Littérature sur la théorie de l'information intégrée
étape 3
les points d'accord
Des schémas qui se répètent à travers plusieurs traditions indépendantes.
L'indestructibilité des substrats fondamentaux
À travers les modèles thermodynamiques, le stoïcisme et la réduction objective orchestrée, il existe un consensus sur le fait que les blocs de construction fondamentaux de l'existence — qu'ils soient présentés comme l'énergie métabolique, le pneuma matériel ou l'information quantique — ne peuvent pas être absolument détruits, mais se dispersent durablement dans l'environnement cosmique plus large.
Thermodynamique et physique classique · Stoïcisme · Réduction objective orchestrée (Orch-OR)
La mort comme processus à étapes multiples
Les neurosciences cliniques et le bouddhisme tibétain cartographient tous deux la mort non pas comme une fin biologique abrupte, mais comme une transition progressive. Qu'elle soit décrite comme le voyage de 49 jours dans le bardo ou comme la fenêtre clinique de désinhibition cérébrale et de bouffées gamma pendant un arrêt cardiaque, ces deux cadres considèrent la conscience périmortem comme hautement active et transitionnelle.
Bouddhisme tibétain · Science de la réanimation
La dissolution de l'ego comme condition préalable à la réintégration
Le soufisme et le stoïcisme cadrent tous deux la perte profonde de l'ego individuel ou du « moi inférieur » comme un retour nécessaire et paisible vers une réalité cosmique supérieure. Qu'il s'agisse d'atteindre le Baqa bi-llah (subsistance en Dieu) ou de se dissoudre dans le Logos universel, l'abandon de l'identité individualisée marque l'achèvement ultime du chemin de l'entité.
Soufisme · Stoïcisme
étape 4
les points de désaccord profond
Des désaccords honnêtes qui ne se résument pas à "tous les chemins mènent au même but".
Indépendance du substrat contre réalisation physique
Un différend méthodologique tranché existe sur la question de savoir si les modèles conscients peuvent survivre indépendamment du « matériel » biologique. Les fonctionnalistes computationnels soutiennent que les modèles d'information survivent à la destruction du matériel et peuvent persister dans des simulations, tandis que la théorie de l'information intégrée insiste sur le fait que l'expérience subjective nécessite l'architecture physique exacte de cause à effet du cerveau, excluant toute survie numérique réelle.
Fonctionnalisme computationnel · Théorie de l'information intégrée (IIT)
Entropie thermodynamique contre cohérence quantique
Alors que la physique classique macroscopique considère la mort biologique comme un pic d'entropie irréversible qui brouille définitivement la mémoire et l'identité, l'Orch-OR émet l'hypothèse que des structures d'information quantique discrètes (qubits dans les microtubules) pourraient contourner ce brouillage thermodynamique et persister de manière cohérente dans l'univers plus large.
Thermodynamique et physique classique · Réduction objective orchestrée (Orch-OR)
Raffinement cyclique contre dissolution ultime
Les traditions kabbalistiques et bouddhistes considèrent la mort comme un mécanisme de raffinement spirituel cyclique (Gilgul ou Samsara (cycle des renaissances)) où le « germe de conscience » central maintient une continuité à travers les incarnations physiques. À l'inverse, le stoïcisme pose que les âmes individuelles subissent une perte de cohésion complète et irréversible dans le feu cosmique (ekpyrosis (conflagration universelle)), rejetant fermement la réincarnation individuelle continue.
Kabbale · Bouddhisme tibétain · Stoïcisme
questions ouvertes
- La cohérence quantique au sein des microtubules peut-elle véritablement résister à l'environnement chaud, humide et bruyant du cerveau mourant pour permettre la persistance de l'information ?
- Comment les bouffées gamma distinctes enregistrées lors de la réanimation cardiaque sont-elles précisément corrélées au contenu phénoménologique spécifique des expériences de mort remémorées ?
- La conservation absolue de l'information quantique dictée par l'unitarité a-t-elle un chevauchement fonctionnel avec la continuité de la mémoire et de l'ego d'un sujet ?
- À quel seuil spécifique de décomposition biologique la « conscience cachée » clinique identifiée par la science de la réanimation s'éteint-elle définitivement ?
étape 5
sources
dossier de recherche (8)
Bardo Thodol stages of consciousness during the transition of death
In Tibetan Buddhism, death is not viewed as an abrupt end, but rather as a profound process of dissolution and transition that offers unique opportunities for spiritual liberation (moksha) from the continuous cycle of rebirth (samsara). The tradition maps this afterlife journey through the *Bardo Thodol* (popularly known in the West as *The Tibetan Book of the Dead*, a title coined by Dr. Walter Y. Evans-Wentz). Attributed to the eighth-century Buddhist master Padmasambhava, this funerary text is designed to be read aloud by a lama to guide the consciousness of the newly deceased. The term *bardo* translates to an "intermediate" or "in-between state". The *Bardo Thodol*—which means “liberation by hearing on the after death plane”—details a 49-day journey divided into three distinct stages of consciousness: 1. **Chikhai Bardo (The Moment of Death):** Occurring as consciousness separates from the physical body, the deceased directly encounters the *dharmakaya* ("truth body") and has "the experience of the primordial or primary clear light". According to the teachings, if the dying individual can maintain one-pointed concentration on this clear light and release worldly attachments, they can achieve immediate enlightenment. 2. **Chonyid Bardo (The Intermediate State):** If liberation is missed, consciousness enters a dream-like state ungrounded by the physical body. Here, it experiences a dramatic projection of its own mind, manifesting as "peaceful and wrathful deities". The text guides the deceased to recognize that these frightening apparitions are unreal illusions created by their own karma; failing to do so breeds confusion. 3. **Sidpa Bardo (The Bardo of Rebirth):** If the individual remains bound by illusion, their *vijnana* ("germ of consciousness") is pulled by its accumulated karma toward a new mortal shell. Ultimately, Tibetan Buddhism posits that the quality of one's journey through the *bardo* depends entirely on the ability to achieve an "expanded state of consciousness and a steady awareness" during the transition.
law of conservation of energy and information applied to biological death
**Summary: The Physics of Biological Death** Modern physics addresses biological death not through metaphysical speculation, but via the rigid frameworks of thermodynamics and quantum mechanics. The discipline's consensus is twofold: while a specific biological structure inevitably decays, the foundational energy and quantum information comprising that life form are indestructible. Regarding energy, the First Law of Thermodynamics dictates that energy cannot be created or destroyed. At the moment of biological death, an organism’s localized chemical, electrical, and kinetic energy simply disperses into the environment as heat and mass transfers (such as decomposition). The universe keeps a "perfect ledger," meaning the net energy of the cosmos remains exactly constant despite the cessation of metabolic function. When it comes to "information"—the precise arrangement of particles and quantum states—modern physics invokes the principle of *unitarity*. Strongly championed by physicists like Leonard Susskind (famous for his work on the black hole information paradox), the "conservation of information" posits that in a closed quantum system, data is never truly lost. Stemming from fundamental rules like the *no-deleting theorem*, quantum mechanics dictates that a physical system's evolution is governed by *unitary operators*, which prohibit the absolute erasure of a quantum state. However, physics strictly distinguishes between theoretical conservation and practical retrieval. Governed by the Second Law of Thermodynamics, biological death causes a drastic, irreversible increase in *entropy*. The macroscopic pattern—the specific neural architecture we recognize as memories or consciousness—decoheres and is violently scrambled into the environment. Retrieving a deceased person's biological information "would be like burning a piece of paper and figuring out what was written on it using the ash". Ultimately, modern physics concludes that while our fundamental data is "etched into the fabric of spacetime", the orderly pattern of human life is permanently surrendered to thermodynamic entropy.
Sufi concept of Baqa and the soul's journey beyond physical annihilation
In Sufism, the soul's ultimate spiritual journey does not end with the mere destruction of the ego; rather, it culminates in a profound rebirth. The tradition posits that the path to divine unity requires moving through two central, interconnected spiritual stations (*maqamat*): *Fana* and *Baqa*. *Fana* translates to "annihilation" or "extinction." It signifies the complete dissolution of the lower self (*nafs*), worldly desires, and individual ego. Through rigorous self-purification and practices like *dhikr* (meditation and remembrance of God), the seeker achieves a state of spiritual death. However, this annihilation is not a void. It is the necessary precursor to *Baqa*, which means "subsistence," "permanency," or eternal continuance in Allah. Having been emptied of the ego, the soul enters *Baqa bi-llah* (subsistence in God), where it continues to exist in the physical world but is entirely animated by Divine will, perfectly reflecting God's attributes. Prominent Sufi masters and poets have extensively documented this journey. Jalaluddin Rumi famously encapsulated the transition from *Fana* to *Baqa* by urging seekers to: "Die before you die, and rise after you've been annihilated". Early mystics like Al-Hallaj and Al-Hujwiri also mapped this progression, noting that after the seeker's individual identity is erased, they are sustained purely by divine contemplation. Later Sufi teacher Hazrat Inayat Khan vividly described *Fana* as the realization of "'I am not,'" while *Baqa* is the spiritual resurrection declaring "'Thou Art'". In Sufi cosmology, this progression represents three distinct phases: the journey *from* God (descent into physical creation), the journey *to* God (*tariqat*, culminating in *Fana*), and finally, the journey *with* God. In this final stage of *Baqa*, the seeker returns to the world as a "perfect man" who is intimately united with the Creator while serving and guiding humanity.
Orchestrated Objective Reduction theory and quantum consciousness after death
Mainstream neuroscience broadly views the Orchestrated Objective Reduction (Orch-OR) theory as a highly controversial hypothesis, driven by the conventional assumption that biological brains are too "warm, wet, and noisy" to sustain delicate quantum states. Nonetheless, within consciousness studies, Orch-OR offers a radical, non-computational framework asserting that subjective experience is not merely an emergent byproduct of complex neural connections, but a fundamental property of the universe. Regarding mortality, the theory controversially implies that the quantum information constituting the mind is not necessarily annihilated when biological functions cease; instead, it may persist non-locally, allowing neural structures to theoretically "drain consciousness somewhere else after death". Orch-OR was formulated in the mid-1990s by Nobel laureate physicist Sir Roger Penrose and anesthesiologist Dr. Stuart Hameroff, gaining prominence following Penrose's 1994 book *Shadows of the Mind*. Their research shifted the search for consciousness away from macroscopic neural networks down to "microtubules"—tubular protein structures that make up the cell skeleton inside brain neurons. To empirically ground the hypothesis, Hameroff has investigated how "anesthetic gases bind and act by weak, quantum interactions to selectively block consciousness" within these microtubule non-polar regions. The theory relies on distinctive quantum terminology. Central is the concept of "objective reduction" (OR), specifically the Diósi–Penrose scheme, which posits an objective threshold for quantum wave-function collapse related to the "fine-scale structure of spacetime geometry". Biological mechanisms in the brain are said to "orchestrate" (Orch) these qubits to prevent environmental decoherence. According to Penrose and Hameroff, discrete moments of conscious awareness occur when "the continuous Schrödinger evolution of each such process terminates in accordance with the specific Diósi–Penrose (DP) scheme". If this localized quantum coherence breaks down upon biological death, Orch-OR suggests the quantum information is not destroyed, but rather dissipates into the broader universe, fueling speculative models of quantum consciousness surviving physical death.
Stoic view on death as the dissolution of the soul into the cosmic Pneuma
The Stoic tradition conceives of the human soul not as an immaterial, immortal entity, but as a material substance composed of *pneuma*—a "warm breath" combining fire and air that serves as the body's animating principle. Because the individual human soul is a localized "distinct portion" of the cosmic *Pneuma* (or *Logos*), death is understood as the physical separation of this soul from the body, leading ultimately to its dissolution and reabsorption into the universal whole. Early Stoic figures debated the exact timeline of this dissolution. Cleanthes argued that all disembodied souls maintain their tension and survive until the *ekpyrosis* (the great periodic cosmic conflagration), at which point all matter and mind dissolve entirely into the divine fire to be reborn. In contrast, Chrysippus contended that only the "stronger" souls of the wise survive until the conflagration, whereas the weaker souls of the foolish lose their cohesion and dissolve into the cosmic *pneuma* much sooner. During the Roman Imperial period, figures like Emperor Marcus Aurelius frequently meditated on this spiritual recycling to alleviate the fear of death. For the Stoics, the loss of individual identity is not an annihilation to be feared, but a natural transformation governed by divine Reason. In his *Meditations*, Aurelius describes the precise mechanics of this dissolution: "...souls transferred to the air exist for a while before undergoing a change and a diffusion, and are then transmuted into fire and taken back into the creative principle of the universe". Distinctive Stoic concepts surrounding this framework include *tonos* (the physical tension of the *pneuma* that dictates the soul's strength), the *hegemonikon* (the rational governing faculty of the soul), and *ekpyrosis*. Ultimately, the Stoic view of dissolution replaces the dread of non-existence with a profound reverence for the natural order; death is merely a relaxation of pneumatic tension and a peaceful return of the individual spark to the universal flame.
Gilgul Neshamot and the cycle of soul reincarnation in the Zohar
In Jewish mysticism (Kabbalah), the cycle of reincarnation is known as *Gilgul Neshamot* (Hebrew for "rolling" or "cycle of souls"). Unlike Eastern traditions that often view reincarnation as a wheel of suffering to escape, Kabbalah understands *Gilgul* as an expression of divine compassion. It provides the soul (*Neshamah*) multiple opportunities to complete its unfinished spiritual work, fulfill the 613 *mitzvot* (commandments), and achieve *Tikkun* (spiritual rectification). The foundational text of Kabbalah, the *Zohar* (traditionally attributed to Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai), deals extensively with the transmigration of souls. Summing up the mechanism of this cosmic cycle, the *Zohar* states: "As long as a person is unsuccessful in his purpose in this world, the Holy One, blessed be He, uproots him and replants him over and over again". The doctrine was later systemized in the 16th century by the mystic Rabbi Isaac Luria (the Arizal) and recorded by his primary disciple, Rabbi Chaim Vital, in the authoritative esoteric text *Sha'ar Ha'Gilgulim* (The Gate of Reincarnations). Kabbalistic tradition relies on distinctive cosmological rules regarding this cycle. The ultimate goal of reincarnation is intrinsically tied to *Tikkun Olam* (repairing the world). Mystics frequently debated the limits of the cycle; drawing from Job 33:29 ("God does all these things, twice, three times, with a man"), some early Kabbalistic authorities suggested a soul typically transmigrates three times to correct its transgressions. However, highly righteous souls may incarnate endlessly—not for their own perfection, but to aid the spiritual elevation of the universe and their generation. Furthermore, Lurianic Kabbalah introduces the concept that souls can be subdivided, temporarily combined (a concept known as *Ibbur*), or even reincarnated into lower life forms, such as animals or inanimate objects, depending on the exact nature of the spiritual repair required.
peer-reviewed clinical studies on consciousness persistence during cardiac arrest
Within the fields of resuscitation science and clinical neuroscience, the investigation of consciousness during clinical death has transitioned from anecdotal accounts to rigorous, objective empirical studies. Researchers in this discipline approach the phenomenon with the premise that human awareness may not definitively terminate at the exact moment of cardiac arrest. Moving away from the potentially stigmatized term "Near-Death Experiences" (NDEs), clinical literature increasingly employs distinctive terminology such as "Recalled Experiences of Death" (RED), "lucid dying," and "hidden consciousness" to classify these events objectively. The cornerstone of this modern clinical paradigm is the AWARE (AWAreness during REsuscitation) project and its successor, AWARE II, led by Dr. Sam Parnia. Published in the peer-reviewed journal *Resuscitation* in 2023, AWARE II was a multi-center observational study involving 567 cardiac arrest patients. The clinical teams monitored patients using EEG and cerebral oximetry during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to measure whether cognitive activity persists after the brain purportedly flatlines. A striking conceptual framework emerging from these studies revolves around "brain disinhibition." Researchers hypothesize that as the brain shuts down, its natural "braking systems" are released, resulting in paradoxical episodes of heightened lucidity and measurable brainwave activity, such as "gamma bursts" associated with high-level cognitive processing and memory retrieval. While key figures like Parnia, Bruce Greyson, and Pim van Lommel often debate the precise neurobiological mechanisms behind these perimortem signals, they uniformly recognize the data as highly significant. Summarizing the clinical position, Dr. Parnia states that the data reveals "intriguing questions about human consciousness, even at death". Emphasizing the verifiable nature of these accounts, he concludes: "These lucid experiences cannot be considered a trick of a disordered or dying brain, but rather a unique human experience that emerges on the brink [of] death".
substrate independence of mind and consciousness persistence in simulation theory
From the perspective of information theory and computational functionalism, the mind is often defined by its causal and algorithmic structures rather than its biological makeup. This gives rise to **substrate independence**—the doctrine that "consciousness arises purely from the functional patterns of information processing, regardless of the material doing the processing". Philosopher David Chalmers describes a related concept called *organizational invariance*, which asserts that any physical system replicating the fine-grained causal topology of a brain will instantiate identical mental states, whether built of carbon or silicon. In **simulation theory**, substrate independence is the crucial load-bearing assumption. Nick Bostrom’s influential 2003 simulation argument explicitly requires that conscious experiences can "run" on any sufficiently powerful computational medium. If identity is rooted in information processing rather than atomic permanence, "the destruction of the atoms doesn't necessarily mean the destruction of the pattern". This implies that consciousness could continuously persist, be paused, or be transferred within digital realities. However, **Integrated Information Theory (IIT)**, spearheaded by Giulio Tononi, fractures this consensus. While IIT is highly mathematical and rooted in information theory, it measures a system's consciousness via **$\Phi$ (phi)**, which quantifies a system's intrinsic cause-and-effect power over itself. IIT argues that purely functional algorithms running on conventional computer architectures do not intrinsically possess high $\Phi$. According to IIT, replicating a brain's input-output dynamics digitally creates a "philosophical zombie" devoid of subjective experience. To use a common analogy from these debates, building a perfect software simulation of a brain "would be like simulating a furnace: it mimics behavior, but it doesn't produce heat". Thus, while classical computational frameworks use substrate independence to argue that consciousness can easily persist inside simulations, rigorous informational models like IIT contend that the specific physical realization of those computations remains strictly necessary for phenomenal experience.